{"id":5380,"date":"2023-06-05T16:19:39","date_gmt":"2023-06-05T08:19:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.dcl-controls.com\/?p=5380"},"modified":"2025-03-31T09:18:37","modified_gmt":"2025-03-31T09:18:37","slug":"why-voltage-signal-oscillate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dclcontrols.com\/en\/support\/ta-acutator\/why-voltage-signal-oscillate","title":{"rendered":"Why Do Voltage Output Signals Oscillate in Certain Conditions?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u00a0<\/h3>

1. Voltage Signal Transmission Path<\/strong><\/h2>
\"Fig.
Fig. 1 Transmission path of voltage source signals<\/figcaption><\/figure>

As shown in Figure 1<\/strong>, a voltage signal transmission system consists of three key components:<\/p>

  1. Negative feedback voltage output circuit<\/strong><\/p><\/li>

  2. Signal transmission cable<\/strong><\/p>

    • Includes parasitic capacitance (C1)<\/strong> and parasitic inductance (L1)<\/strong>, which depend on cable length<\/strong> and wiring layout<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li>

    • Input signal acquisition circuit<\/strong><\/p>

      • May include a low-pass filter (L2, C2)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ol>

        2. Why Does Oscillation Occur?<\/strong><\/h2>

        In a negative feedback voltage signal system, the input signal is calculated as:<\/p>

        \u2223Xi\u2032\u2223=\u2223Xi\u2223\u2212\u2223Xf\u2223|X_i’| = |X_i| – |X_f|<\/span><\/p>

        However, if the feedback signal (|Xf|) is phase-shifted by 180\u00b0<\/strong>, the equation changes to:<\/p>

        \u2223Xi\u2032\u2223=\u2223Xi\u2223+\u2223Xf\u2223|X_i’| = |X_i| + |X_f|<\/span><\/p>

        This means that even if no input signal<\/strong> is applied (|Xi| = 0<\/strong>), the feedback signal sustains the output<\/strong>, leading to self-sustaining oscillation<\/strong>.<\/p>

        For oscillation to occur, two conditions must be met:<\/p>

        1. Loop gain is greater than 1:<\/strong> |AF| > 1<\/strong><\/p><\/li>

        2. Phase shift satisfies:<\/strong> \u03c6A + \u03c6F = (2n+1)\u03c0<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ol>

          The phase shift<\/strong> in the loop comes from multiple sources:
          \u2714 Parasitic capacitance (C1) and inductance (L1) in the transmission cable<\/strong>
          \u2714 Low-pass filter components (L2, C2) in the input circuit<\/strong>
          \u2714 Filter capacitors in the output circuit<\/strong><\/p>

          If the total phase shift reaches 180\u00b0<\/strong>, self-oscillation can occur.<\/p>

          3. How to Prevent Oscillation?<\/strong><\/h2>

          To prevent oscillation, one of the two conditions above must not be met<\/strong> within the operational frequency range.<\/p>

          \"Fig.
          Fig. 2 Condition of negative feedback loop without oscillation<\/figcaption><\/figure>

          As shown in Figure 2<\/strong>, two critical frequencies are considered:<\/p>

          • fc:<\/strong> The frequency where loop gain |AF| drops to 0 dB<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li>

          • fo:<\/strong> The frequency where loop phase shift exceeds -180\u00b0<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>

            To maintain stability, the gain should be below 0 dB<\/strong> when the phase shift reaches -180\u00b0.<\/p>

            4. Why Current Output Signals Are More Stable<\/strong><\/h2>
            \"Fig.
            Fig. 3 Current source feedback loop<\/figcaption><\/figure>
            \"Fig.
            Fig. 4 Voltage source feedback loop<\/figcaption><\/figure>

            Current signal output circuits<\/strong> are less prone to oscillation because:
            \u2714 Their feedback path is confined to internal components<\/strong> (as shown in Figure 3<\/strong>).
            \u2714 External load variations have little effect on phase shift or gain<\/strong>.<\/p>

            In contrast, voltage output circuits<\/strong> (Figure 4) take feedback from the output point<\/strong>, meaning that external cables and sampling circuits<\/strong> can influence phase shift and gain. If their parameters change, the system may meet the oscillation conditions<\/strong>, leading to instability.<\/p>

            5.Conclusion<\/strong><\/h3>

            Voltage-type output signals can oscillate when:
            \u2714 Parasitic components introduce a 180\u00b0 phase shift.<\/strong>
            \u2714 Loop gain remains greater than 1 at this phase shift.<\/strong><\/p>

            To avoid oscillation:
            \u2714 Ensure loop gain is reduced below 0 dB before phase shift reaches 180\u00b0.<\/strong>
            \u2714 Minimize parasitic capacitance\/inductance in transmission cables.<\/strong>
            \u2714 Use appropriate filtering to stabilize the feedback loop.<\/strong><\/p>

            In contrast, current-type outputs<\/strong> are more stable since their feedback loop is less affected by external load conditions<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            \u00a0 1. Voltage Signal Transmission Path As shown in Figure 1, a voltage signal transmission system consists of three key components: Negative feedback voltage output circuit Signal transmission cable Includes parasitic capacitance (C1) and parasitic inductance (L1), which depend on cable length and wiring layout. Input signal acquisition circuit May include a low-pass filter (L2, […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[49],"class_list":["post-5380","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ta-acutator","tag-input-signal"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dclcontrols.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5380","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dclcontrols.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dclcontrols.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dclcontrols.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dclcontrols.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5380"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dclcontrols.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5380\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dclcontrols.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5380"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dclcontrols.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5380"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dclcontrols.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5380"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}